基于农牧户视角的荒漠化治理中退牧还草技术综合评价——以内蒙古鄂托克旗为例

农牧户作为退牧还草技术的实施者和重要利益相关者,其对技术的感知度和认可度对于调整和完善退牧还草技术具有重要的现实意义。本文以草地荒漠化典型区域——内蒙古鄂托克旗为例,采用主观层次分析法和客观熵权法相结合的方法,构建包括技术成熟度、技术应用难度、技术相宜性、技术效益和技术推广潜力5个方面的退牧还草技术综合评价指标体系,基于农牧户视角对内蒙古鄂托克旗退牧还草技术进行综合评价。结果表明:1)基于农牧户视角的鄂托克旗退牧还草技术综合评价结果为0.469 8,说明农牧户对于退牧还草技术的综合评价处于中等水平,技术满意度一般,技术可持续性较弱。具体表现为农牧户对于技术自身的草地生态系统退化修复功能持以肯定态度,生态效益评价较高;而对于经济效益和技术可持续性评价较低。2)分项退牧还草技术评价结果由高到低的排序为:技术相宜性、技术效益、技术成熟度、技术应用难度、技术推广潜力。3)分区域研究得出,鄂托克旗退牧还草技术综合评价的区域差异性较小。因此,退牧还草技术的综合评价结果能够反映农牧户对于该项技术的满意程度,为退牧还草技术的持续有效实施提供参考。     

基于随机森林的高寒湿地地区土地覆盖遥感分类方法

高寒湿地是青藏高原典型独特的生态系统,是全球气候变化的敏感地带和预警区。利用遥感技术快速、准确地分类提取高寒湿地的土地覆盖信息,对当地生态安全监测和保护具有重要意义。本文以若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区为研究区,首先,以高分一号(GF-1)遥感影像为数据源,融合光谱特征、水体指数、地形特征、植被指数和纹理信息等26个变量进行随机森林(Random forest,RF)分类实验;然后,根据袋外数据(Out of bag,OOB)的特征变量重要性得分和精度评价结果,选出高寒湿地地区土地覆盖类型的最优分类方案和特征;最后,对特征变量进行降维,并基于相同的变量,采用极大似然法(Maximum likelihood classification,MLC)、支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)、人工神经网络(Artificial neural network,ANN)和RF等方法进行分类,比较不同方法的优适性。结果表明:结合GF-1影像光谱、水体、植被、纹理特征和地形信息,使用26个变量的RF模型的分类精度最高,总体精度(Overall accuracy,OA)为90.07%,Kappa系数为0.86;通过RF模型的变量重要性分析可以有效选出重要的特征信息,在降低特征变量维度的同时,还能保证较高的分类精度; 4种分类方法中,RF算法是高寒湿地地区较合适的分类方法,OA比MLC基准方法高17.63个百分点,比SVM和ANN等机器学习算法分别高6.98、6.56个百分点。     

基于主被动遥感技术的地表覆被类型变化检测方法——以新疆西天山国家级自然保护区为例

旨在研究主被动遥感结合的地表覆被变化监测方法，使用高分数据和哨兵1号数据分别代表被动和主动遥感，对新疆西天山国家级自然保护区地表覆被变化情况进行检测，进而对得出的林地、草地、建筑物检测结果进行联合分析，最终得到主被动遥感联合变化检测结果。通过实地精度检验对主被动遥感联合变化检测结果进行验证。结果表明，该方法的变化检测结果精度达到90%以上。说明结合主动遥感和被动遥感既能克服天气的影响，又能在检测中保留光谱和纹理等丰富的信息，变化检测的精度较高；主被动遥感联合变化检测可以较为快速、准确地掌握地表覆被类型的变化，能够在一定程度上减少被动遥感数据的云量困扰。并且该方法在林地和建筑物上有较高的敏感性，适合森林自然保护区的森林变化和建筑监测。     

成渝经济区农地适度规模经营方式及其环境效应差异比较

以成渝经济区为研究区,比较成渝地区农地经营方式转变的地域差异,评估农地经营方式转变的可持续性.选取成都平原区的广汉市和重庆山地丘陵区的江津区为研究样区,基于两个区域的1 102份调查数据,运用能值分析法分析两地农地经营方式转变的差异.由于资源禀赋、家庭特征、经营方式、流转市场、流转价格等因素的差异影响,江津区与广汉市农户农地流转呈现区域"悖反"现象;从能值分析来看,广汉市通过规模化、产业化、机械化的大生产模式提升农业科技装备水平,降低投入、提高农业生产率,实现了良性的农业集约化;而江津区通过高投入—高产出的高效农业产业模式大幅提升农业产出,但过度追加不可更新要素的投入方式却不可持续,引起了劣质的农业集约化.因此,就转变农地经营方式而言,成都平原区应着眼于"降本增效",发展规模化、产业化、机械化的大生产模式;重庆山地区应着眼于"提质增效",以农业科技、装备和设施更新为驱动发展生态农业.     

Breaking the ice: the introduction of biofouling organisms to Antarctica on vessel hulls

1. Few reports exist that describe marine non‐native species in the Southern Ocean and near‐shore waters around the Antarctic continent. Nevertheless, Antarctica's isolated marine communities, which show high levels of endemism, may be vulnerable to invasion by anthropogenically introduced species from outside Antarctica via vessel hull biofouling.
2. Hull surveys of the British Antarctic Survey's RRS James Clark Ross were undertaken between 2007 and 2014 at Rothera Research Station on the Antarctic Peninsula (Lat. 67°34'S; Long. 68°07'W) to investigate levels of biofouling. In each case, following transit through scouring sea‐ice, over 99% of the vessel hull was free of macroscopic fouling communities. However, in some surveys microbial/algal biofilms, balanomorph barnacles and live individuals of the cosmopolitan pelagic barnacle, Conchoderma auritum were found in the vicinity of intake ports, demonstrating the potential for non‐native species to be transported to Antarctica on vessel hulls.
3. Increasing ship traffic volumes and declining duration of sea ice in waters to the north and west of the Antarctic Peninsula mean the region may be at increased risk of non‐native species introductions. Locations at particular risk may include the waters around popular visitor sites, such as Goudier Island, Neko Harbour, Whalers Bay, Cuverville Island and Half Moon Island, and around northern peninsula research stations.
4. Simple and cost‐effective mitigation measures, such as intentionally moving transiting ships briefly through available offshore sea ice to scour off accessible biofouling communities, may substantially reduce hull‐borne propagule pressure to the region. Better quantification of the risk of marine non‐native species introductions posed by vessel hulls to both Arctic and Antarctic environments, as sea ice patterns and shipping traffic volumes change, will inform the development of appropriate regional and international management responses.

Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Influence of climate and abundance on migration timing of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) among rivers in Newfoundland and Labrador

Evidence mounts for the influence of climate variability on temporal trends in the phenology of many organisms including various species of fish. Accordingly, we examined variation in adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar run timing in thirteen Newfoundland and Labrador rivers where returns were monitored at fishways or fish‐counting fences. Run timing varied significantly among rivers with the median date of return differing by up to 5 weeks. Duration of runs was generally short with most adults returning over a period of three to 5 weeks. A mixed model analysis incorporating a first‐order autoregressive error structure was used to generalise changes in run timing among all monitored rivers. Results indicated that the median date of return has advanced by almost 12 days over a 35‐year interval from 1978 to 2012, while several individual rivers have advanced by almost 21 days. The influence of climate on median timing was evident when the simultaneous effects of both climate and salmon abundance were controlled. We found earlier runs associated with overall warmer climate conditions on the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelf. Results contrast with those from the north‐east Atlantic where Atlantic salmon are returning later in some rivers coincident with warming climate conditions.     

五指山耕地土壤养分现状调查与评价

为了明确海南山区耕地土壤养分空间分布特征，为热带山区耕地土壤养分管理提供思路。以海南五指山市耕地为研究对象，采用野外调查、采样和室内分析相结合的方法，阐述土壤养分现状，探讨其土壤养分分布规律。结果表明：五指山耕地土壤总体呈酸性，其pH值为5.1；土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾和中量元素(钙、镁、硫)含量均为中等或偏下水平，土壤有效铜和有效锌含量较为丰富。五指山耕地土壤酸化和养分含量分布不均主要与气候、母质分布和施肥不平衡有关。     

不同贮藏条件下成熟椰子水品质变化规律研究

以成熟椰子水为试验材料，以吸光度、pH、白利糖度和电导率为指标，结合感官评价对 4 个贮藏温度下的椰子水品质变化特点进行分析。结果表明，各处理随贮藏时间延长，吸光值均逐渐增大，pH 值均逐渐减小，电导率呈增大趋势；温度越低，吸光值增大越缓慢和 pH 维持稳定的时间段越长，说明低温更有利于椰子水的贮藏；相同贮藏温度，密封和非密封保存时间无差别，37℃ 可保存 5 h，24℃ 可保存 8 h，14℃ 可保存 22 h，4℃ 可保存 7 d。椰子水的吸光值和 pH 值剧变时间点与椰子水变质时间节点最接近，其中吸光值变化最为显著，吸光值和 pH 变化可作为反映椰子水变质的主要指标；椰子水收集后迅速降至 4℃ 可满足工业生产要求。     

Effect of environmental conditions on the seasonal and inter‐annual variability of small pelagic fish abundance off North‐West Africa: The case of both Senegalese sardinella

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of environmental variations on the abundance of Sardinella aurita and Sardinella maderensis in Senegalese waters in the upwelling system. Monthly data indicating the abundance of sardinella were first estimated from commercial statistics, using Generalized Linear Model from 1966 to 2011. Abundance indices (AIs) were then compared with environmental indices, at the local scale, a Coastal Upwelling Index (CUI) and a coastal Sea Surface Temperature (SST) index, and on a large scale, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Multivariate El Niño Southern Oscillation Index (MEI), using correlations and times series analyses. The results showed that the abundance of sardinella is determined by a strong seasonal pattern and inter‐annual fluctuations. The abundance of S. aurita peaked in spring and in autumn, whereas that of S. maderensis peaked in the warm season (July–September). The trend of the sardinella abundance was significantly correlated with the CUI, especially in autumn and spring. Interannual fluctuations of S. maderensis and S. aurita abundance are, respectively, driven by the precocity and the duration of the upwelling season that is attributed to distinct migration patterns. Both sardinella species also respond with a delay of around 4 years to the winter NAO index and the autumn CUI, and the AMO index, respectively, both related to migration patterns. The wide variations in sardinella biomass are caused by variations in environmental conditions, which should be considered in the implementation of an ecosystem‐based approach in sardinella stocks management.     

高分辨率影像服务在国土资源管理中的应用

分析了国土资源管理对高分辨率影像的迫切需求，探讨了高分辨率影像处理和分析及应用环节从数据到服务的发展趋势，设计并实现了高分辨率影像服务，并以泰州市国土资源管理为例，验证了影像服务的可行性，最后，展望了高分辨率遥感影像服务的应用前景。